Martin Luther King Jr. - 1101 Words

August 28, 1963 (Eidenmuller) marked a very important day in history that had an impact not only on America, but the whole world. On this day, Martin Luther King Jr. presented his well known I Have a Dream speech that aimed to eliminate racism, inequality and discrimination. He strongly believed that one day people would put their differences aside and come together. So, what happened to that dream? Along with other equality initiative ideas, they rarely make it past the idea stages or end in the actual eradication result. It is clear to us that even after 51 years, our societies still struggle with accepting full equality. Within those 51 years we have made a mass amount of progress but, a common thought would be that after this long the issue should have been eradicated. Two essays that can be used as an example of proof that racial inequality still exists in our society are, Black Men in Public Spaces by Brent Staples and Who Shot Johnny? by Debra Dickerson. In these essays, both provide solid evidence to support their main goal with the use of different writing styles, tone, and rhetorical devices to display how African Americans are perceived and treated by society. Within essay one, Black Men in Public Spaces by Brent Staples it describes the life and experiences of a young African American man living between Chicago and New York City over about a ten year span. Due to stereotypes on his race, society assumes he compliments them resulting in being viewed as dangerousShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr.867 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, one of them is Martin Luther King Jr. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia as Michael King Jr., but changed his name to Martin Luther King Jr. in honor of Protestant Martin Luther. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens. During his childhood, Martin Jr.’s father stronglyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreMartin Luther King, Jr Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesbe slaves, African-Americans saw a road trip to equality through the eyes of Martin Luther King, Jr. Even after being emancipated from slaves to citizens, African-Americans were not ready to wage the battle against segregation alone. The weight which African Americans carried on their back, was lightened when they began to see what Martin Luther King, Jr. brought to the table against segregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the single most important African-American leader of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreBiography of Martin Luther King, Jr745 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born on in his mothers parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second child, and was first named Michael, after his father. Both changed their names to Martin when the boy was still young. King JR was born into a financially secu re family middle class with that, They received better education in respect to most people of their race. King Jr, noticed this and this influenced him to live a life of social protestRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King, Jr.591 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at home on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were Martin Luther, Sr. and Alberta King. He was born into a world where segregation was the law. Where his boyhood best friend, who was white, wasnt allowed to play with him once they started school. Where black people went to separate bathrooms, drank from separate water fountains, couldnt eat in whites only restaurants, and had toRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1144 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15 1929-April 4, 1968) Brief Summary (of who MLK Jr. is): Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and an activist who led the civil rights movement in the 1950. He was a fundamental force behind the civil rights movement that ended legal segregation. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. But he was sadly assassinated in 1968 on a second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee†¦ Childhood: Martin Luther was never poor. He lived with a middleRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.2405 Words   |  10 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. IN THESE GROUPS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN 1968 FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WENT TO PRISON FAMOUS CAPRICORNS Show All Groups 1 of 19  «  » QUOTES â€Å"But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.† —Martin Luther King Jr. Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesbut the content of the character,† (Martin Luther King Jr,1963) Martin Luther King Jr. was a smart child and had a good childhood. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. Michael Luther King was Martin Luther King Jr’s name when was born. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy. TheyRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that King

Essay on Napoleon - 459 Words

Napoleon was an opportunistic leader who’s military genius was unmatched and his political prowess very solid, but his goal of overtaking Europe ended his power. Napoleon was a powerful military leader who was able to gain the respect and admiration of France through his military victories. He saw the opportunity to be the French leader and jumped at it, but his goal of a unified Europe hurt him. His ego also played a part in his fall from power in his ill-advised decision to have his brother rule Spain. Napoleon’s military power was so great that he came close to ruling Europe in its entirety before meeting the end. His rule over France was very successful and he was able to run a country very effectively. He was even able to rule over†¦show more content†¦Napoleon reached power through rising during a wartime because of his military successes. During a time of war promotions are made frequently and Napoleon became a general at a young age. Napoleon was able t o move his troops much faster than any other country was able to move their troops. Napoleon’s troops were also much larger than any of the others. These advantages led to Napoleon becoming one of the greatest military leaders ever. Napoleon’s political ideas were efficient and worked well to rule a country; he even adapted his ideas to help France run more efficiently. The Napoleonic Code gave equality to all male citizens and he rehabilitated the Catholic Church for his people, despite his belief in religious freedom. He created a bureaucracy with subprefects, prefects, and mayors that ran France. All of these ideas helped France run smoothly. Napoleon’s problem was that overtaking all of Europe was too difficult a task for any man. He was forced to divide rule over some of the states that he conquered and he was not intelligent in giving Spain to his brother. Spain revolted allowing a England to have a country to land on in Europe. This decision hurt Napoleon and ended with England uniting the remaining European countries against Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo. Napoleons ego and greed in expansion probably stemmed from his want for war as a militaristic person, but this became the end of his reign. In the end, Napoleon was a great leader whoseShow MoreRelatedThe Napoleon Complex2927 Words   |  12 Pagesmention Napoleon is the idea of a short, angry, and bossy little man who is aggressive to compensate for being little, in other words having a Napoleon Complex. Ironically the idea that Napoleon was a short man is false as he was average height for his size at the time. A more useful way to look at a Napoleon complex would be to describe it as, a person who is driven by a perceived handicap to overcompensate in other aspects, in their lives. With this definition, we get what Napoleons mentalityRead MoreThe book Napoleon by Paul Johnson is a monograph on the life of Napoleon. Napoleon was born on600 Words   |  3 Pages The book Napoleon by Paul Johnson is a monograph on the life of Napoleon. Napoleon was born on August 15,1769 on an island called Corsica which was a French island south of the mainland. Ironically his future enemy Duke of Wellington was also born in 1769. Napoleon was born in the lower nobility class, and gifted with mathematics. He admired the Royal Navy and wanted to join as a midshipman. At the age of ten, Napoleon left Corsica for a military school in Brienne, France. On completion of his studiesRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte2242 Words   |  9 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte was a ruthless killer who hungered for power alone. He sacrificed much in order to contribute a great deal to the world by winning battles and discovering things such as the Rosetta Stone in Egypt. His thirst for control and power cost him everything he worked so hard for consequently leading to exile. The notorious Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, the second of eight children, on the little island of Corsica. The industrial revolution in Britain had already begunRead MoreEssay Napoleon Bonaparte1268 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Napoleon was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio (Capital of Corsica) which is an island 70 miles west of Italy. His parents were Carlo Bonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. They got married when Carlo was 18 and Letizia was 14, this was in 1764. Letizia was the one who was always putting food on the table, Carlo was way to lazy. His father was interested in politics. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Napoleon got sent to military school (Brienne Military Academy) in 1778Read More napoleon Essay729 Words   |  3 Pagesnapoleon Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. His parents, Letiza and Carlo were very strict. He was one of seven children of his prominent lawyer father and strong willed beautiful mother. His education was a very prominent one, he entered a school in the nearby town of Brienne-le chateau, and was known to excel in mathematics. He immediately showed his interest in the armed forces by enrolling in the prominent Paris military school Eode Military. ImmediatelyRead MoreEssay Napoleon2888 Words   |  12 Pages Guidance to Freedom or Just Another Tyrant? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When most people think of Napoleon Bonaparte they think of either a tyrant emperor or a brilliant war strategist. Maybe both are right but in whatever conclusion any person comes to, they will know he was a small man who accomplished many great things. Napoleon conquered countries and developed a mass empire, which led to his celebrity like fame. He was a man that respected cultures and every religion and even cried whenRead MoreA Brief Biography of Napoleon2011 Words   |  8 Pages Louis Napoleon was a French military and political leader, who rose during the end stages of the French Revolution. He started and was raised in exile and through determination, hard work, and passion he became the President and then Emperor of France. He accomplished to regain the throne for his family’s name, and was an inspirational, influential, and powerful leader. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was born on April 20, 1808 in Paris, France. He is very often referred to as Napoleon III, whichRead More Who was Napoleon Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages Napoleon was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on 15 August 1769, the second of Carlo and Letizia Bonapartes eight children. In 1778, Napoleon began his education at Autun and later attended school in Brienne, excelling in mathematics and science. Following a years study at the Ecole Militaire in Paris, he was commissioned in the artillery in 1785. The year 1789 saw the outbreak of the French revolution, which created an atmosphere of opportunity that would not have existed under the Bourbons, and NapoleonRead MoreNapoleon the Leader736 Words   |  3 PagesEagle Success Napoleon The Leader I chose Napoleon Bonaparte for my report for being an outstanding emperor and officer for the French. Even though he was very short, at the height of only 5 3, he showed that size doesnt matter and had his wide range of accomplishments support his thought. One of his more famous achievements was him developing The Napoleonic Code or Civil Code. The Napoleonic Code or Code Civil still forms the basis of French civil law. Another one of his amazing was escapingRead MoreNapoleon and the Enlightenment Essay2143 Words   |  9 PagesNapoleon and the Enlightenment Napoleon and the enlightment Napoleon was one of the most influential people in the history of the world. He has affected people throughout the globe in many ways. He rose through the confusion of the French revolution to become Emperor of the French. His goal was to conquer all of Europe. Through out his lifetime he nearly succeeded in his goal. Napoleon was probably one of the greatest military leaders that ever lived. Napoleon Bonaparte, who is also known

Reward Management and Practice Ensure The Company Growth

Question: Discuss about the Reward Management and Practice for Ensure The Company Growth? Answer: Introduction This detailed assessment is about the discussion of reward allocation process, which will be meaningful and beneficial to achieve the objectives of the company. Micklethwaite Brewery is a medium sized brewery based on Manchester. The company trading is mainly limited to the north of England and the Midlands. A considerable number of public houses and managed houses are maintained by the enterprise, where the annual turnover from the managed house estate is estimated 237 million pounds based on the most recent statistics. A licensed house manager is both appointed by and directly employed by the company, where its own self uses a tenant. The company is tending to take new steps to implement a new business strategy. The proper way of reward allocation is to be advised by the researcher to design the new corporate strategy (Watson 2013). The allocation process should be majorly based on the basic salary structure of the company. Critical evaluation of the present pay structure of the li censed house managers is needed. If there is any alternative process that may help better in implementing the new business plan in the corporate sector, it should be suggested here too. Potential changes in the schemes of incentives for the managers are also examined. The process of allocating rewards should be fair when the underlying aim of it is to reach business goals well and help to attract highly qualified individuals in retaining in the organization, as required (Njanja et al 2013). Critical evaluation of the salary structures of the house managers of Micklethwaite Brewery needs the overview of the process. Each of the licensed houses is dealt a grade based annual turnover. There is a gradation system, depending on the amount of annual turnover. Increase in sales over a period makes the manager responsible for rising the grading of his/ her own house. The movement from minimum and maximum in each grade depends on the length of the service of the workers to reach to the top of the class. Usually, the individual is taking five years. The bands of turnover are enhanced in line with the consumer price index in the month of February each year. The company supplies an annual turnover and salary level based gradation overview where both the variables are tabled in descending to ascending order. Highest salary is ranging from 40777 pounds to 42530 pounds, whereas the minimum ranges from 19157 pounds to 20443 pounds The wages of labor cost consists some bonus and income measures (Baumann and Stieglitz 2014). They are as follows:- Profit bonus Each house has an individual account where profit and loss both are calculated. The manager of the house is paid a profit bonus annually in a proportion of 3.5% depending on the net profit for the managed outlet. This payment is pensionable and the average bonus at the most recent time is calculated as 1840 pounds. Machine income Every year there is a considerable amount of revenue by selling pool tables, fruit machines, video games machines, etc. A commission of 10% of the net takings is paid on all machine income. This amount of money is obtained by deducting the value added tax. Catering income The catering rights are a valuable source of revenue for the manager because licensed premises have turned into increasingly popular places for eating. In return for catering rights, the company charges a franchise fee based on weekly gross takings of 5%. The mean net profit from catering for each managed house is estimated at 6000 pounds. Mileage allowance Though all the managers live on the company premises, a small amount of traveling has consisted on the business of the enterprise. For this reason, an allowance of 35p for each mile, is paid to the managers. Accommodation In most cases for the directors, housing is free of rent. Additional free services are rent free lighting, heating and water supply. The company is responsible for the repair and decoration of the living accommodation (Klingebiel and Rammer 2014). Holidays The company provides 30 working days vacation in each year to the managers. They receive double time for each day of statutory holiday worked. Hours of employment Managers are required to work six working days in any one week. The total hours are not formally defined due to the unique circumstances of the trade. Sometimes, the managers have to keep the premises open for business during all hours. These issues maximize the trade for their particular situation. Therefore, some discretion is allowed in these arrangements. Company pension In the company pension scheme of Micklethwaite Brewery, all the licensed house managers are included as members. The pension plan is recognized to be good which allows for the retirements at the age of 60. This scheme is non-contributory for employees and pays 1/80th of the final salary at retirement for every year of pensionable service. The above bonus and income strategies are the kinds of rewards the brewery company provides to their licensed house managers (Massingha and Tam 2015). There are some several approaches to the policy of rewarding, which is more correctly applicable to the country of United Kingdom. The strategy has the following characteristics Acknowledging that a reasonable approach is one that acts in practice and then aiming at the exertion programs Any planning should be framed keeping the appropriate implementation and relevance. Admitting during the process of design that plans must be transformed into reality and following steps to assume the problems involved. Lining up the strategy of rewarding with the business and human resource strategies Confirming that the policy of paying fits the ambiance and innate of the company, reconciles business needs and counts every individual needs and preference Putting more effort to implementing strategic reward initiatives to boost the engagement and responsibility of people so that they are instigated and constructive, rather than putting attention on the machines of new reward craze Keeping in mind that the advancement and application of the strategy of paying is a metamorphic process, it is about performing the things better at a reasonable pace than phenomenal new advancements Supplying elasticity within a working framework, which means advancing an adaptable approach to reward of several people but regularly in a set up that provides for continuous treatment Acknowledging that setting of the strategy of rewarding will need an extensive change in governing body program Admitting the relevance of the part used by the line managers in setting the rewarding strategy and the requirement to confirm that they are instigated and have the required skills Putting in depth and constant attention to interacting with employees and including them in the advancement as well as the implementation of the strategy of rewarding Being totally confident and definite about the aspirations of the plan and determined about appraising its effectiveness (Armstrong and Stephens 2005) All these listed points above provides sufficient framework to design a new rewarding strategy. Based on the annual turnover statistics for each graded licensed house, it can be said that the salary structure framed by the company is relatively fair. The brewery is going to take a new corporate strategy to implement. The Chairman of the company Micklethwaite Brewery described the approach in a statement. Constant maintenance and looking after in the used approach is needed to cope up with the highly competitive market. Requirements of the customers have also changed with time. A decision has been taken at Board level by the management body to restructure the organization. The reason for it is to focus on the more profitable market segments and withdraw from less profitable areas. The decision will be implemented regarding the locations of the pubs and the products of all types supplied by the company (Awadh and Alyahya 2013). There are some pubs or drinking dens' which are located in the inner city. Sometimes they are inconvenient in transportation and suffer from a low attendance of the customers. They are, thus, expensive to maintain. Products of low-profit margins are sold and so in return, the company cannot receive expected benefits from these outlets. The management body has decided to close these dens, which make minimal profits. The property is determined to be sold off on whatever basis maximizes capital return. In the region, different types of customers come throughout the day. Other pubs, which will not be sold to a third party but located in the inner of the city, shall be refurbished so as to attract business workers and shoppers over the lunchtime period. Customers who come in the pubs range from the early evening to work, and late evening social groups. Restructuring and furnishing are required to attract all these types of customer to maximize the profit margin of the brewery. There are some country pubs, which are located out of the town. The management body has decided to modernize in a comprehensive manner to attract business people and their families. Middle-class customers are likely to come in the out of town premises. They demand that these buildings should offer good quality food, and it is beneficial for the company to create discreetly located play station facilities for children. In the country, there are harsh penalties for the drivers who drive their car after consuming alcohol (Bidwell et al 2013). This drink-drive legislation is strongly followed by the people. Some families are not particularly interested in drinking mainly for this reason. If the out of country pubs are redesigned and can offer better quality food, likely visiting to such pubs will be part of the day out for these families. Business people appear to find them suitable for the free lunch time, or evening meetings. The above steps mentioned are to be taken by the company. The types of treatment are to be made will be based on the location of the sites, costs of maintenance and the cost of refurbishments. The operation needs a detailed analysis, and the marketing and finance personnel are performing the analysis task. However, it is evident that the contribution to net profitability from the sales of foods is notable. This is, therefore, a primary factor in determining the future of each site. The plan has also had some personnel perspective. It needs to keep the increased costs of labors to an acceptable minimum. The body decided not to alienate their pub managers. The managers are required to retain as much revenue as possible to fund refurbishments. The company, at the same time, encourages their managers to maximize the profit and income margin (Pruce 2014). The company Micklethwaite Brewery points a significant difficulty with their apparent inability. This is at present related to assessing the capability of any particular manager. The company's current financial procedures only help the company to monitor the overall income and related expenditures for any different pub, but this provides a little indication of evaluating the manager's unerring ability. The revenue and popularity of a pub majorly depend on the pub's location and the condition it is going through. This reflects the business process considerably. In connection with the proposed changes, the brewery's fundamental interest lies on to evaluate all the managers exact capability. The ablest and accurate managers will be selected and they will be retained, or will be located to the prime sites of business. The closures of some locations will solely crave the ways to verbosities, and naturally, the company's least able managers will be terminated. The management body does not wish to incur increased redundancy costs for this group through unjustifiably increasing their basic pay structure. The company thinks food is a primary source of income and will become so more in new future. That is why they need the managers to be highly skilled in this area. The important part thus is considered the trainability and motivation of the manager to run this section of the business (Joseph, de Veciana and Arapostathis 2012). A primary task for individual is to adopt systems for assessing exclusive competence, trainability and ensuring the retention of their more able managers. There is a technological aspect too. In this point of view, the company's new tills are linked to a central computer. This enables the company to individual product sales per site as the enterprise evolves the till and trigger reorders of shock automatically. It allows the company, therefore, to look for wastage rates as a part of stock control procedures and contribution per product as well as identifying when the pub is crowded or quiet. Undeniably, it is the manager's duty to ensure that the bar is crowded at all times. It also enables the company to calculate consumption rates accurately, which is used to introduce a range of specialist real ales. Apparent demand for this product is observed, and company can charge the premium price for that. This marketing strategy also introduces a wider range of wines to compliment new food offerings (Shields et al 2015). This policy could not be made public, as skilled managers will find alternative employment first. The company wishes to neither trigger a response from our competitors nor incur speculation on the stock exchange. The pace of restructuring is dependent on the availability of capital from selling the properties, position on the stock exchange, cooperation of banking sector and the cost associated with the refurbishment program. The company intends to complete the program as swiftly as possible following the announcement. It is expected that income to the company will be substantially increased as a result of these initiatives (Datta 2012). The increase in borrowing will be recovered over a six years period and that the net contribution to the company Micklethwaite Brewery will enable the company to continue reinvesting in the company to secure its future growth. Conclusion All these plans discussed above are to be implemented by the Corporation To Ensure The Company Growth. Potential incentive schemes will be applicable for licensed house managers. In a rapidly changing environment of the business cycle, customers have some choices in financial services industry in recent times. The company, thus, tends to improve quality, reduce the time of processing to meet customers' expectation, keep a lid on costs, and maintain the brewery quite ahead of the competition. The licensed house managers' salary structure along with the bonus and incentive schemes has been analyzed. The system of total rewarding has some benefits because a fair, rewarding system always puts impacts on company success. It enables a strong impression on the motivation and commitment issues of the workers. Rewarding also enhances the intimate relationship between the employees. Transactional rewards are, therefore, appealing to the individuals more (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The fruits, which are the relational support to deliver an active intellectual contract and it, can work as a differentiator in the market of employment. The brewery can become an employer of choice' and a considerably well platform to work, thus to attract and to retain the talented and skilled people they need. The brewery's revised pay structure and the new corporate strategy they are trying to implement, will lead the factory to retain truly efficient managers and employees. The researcher can conclude, the procedure is fair, scientific, and modern and will try to enhance the company's profitable income vastly. References Armstrong, M. and Stephens, T., 2005.A handbook of employee Reward Management And Practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Awadh, A.M. and Alyahya, M.S., 2013. Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(1), p.168. Baumann, O. and Stieglitz, N., 2014. Rewarding value creating ideas in organizations: The power of low powered incentives.Strategic Management Journal,35(3), pp.358-375. Bidwell, M., Briscoe, F., Fernandez-Mateo, I. and Sterling, A., 2013. The employment relationship and inequality: How and why changes in employment practices are reshaping rewards in organizations.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.61-121. Datta, P., 2012. An applied organizational rewards distribution system.Management Decision,50(3), pp.479-501. Gomez-Mejia, L.R., Berrone, P. and Franco-Santos, M., 2014.Compensation and organizational performance: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge. Jehanzeb, K., Rasheed, M.F. and Rasheed, A., 2012. Impact of rewards and motivation on job satisfaction in banking sector of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(21). Joseph, V., de Veciana, G. and Arapostathis, A., 2012, October. Resource allocation: Realizing mean-variability-fairness tradeoffs. InCommunication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 2012 50th Annual Allerton Conference on(pp. 831-838). IEEE. Klingebiel, R. and Rammer, C., 2014. Resource allocation strategy for innovation portfolio management.Strategic Management Journal,35(2), pp.246-268. Massingham, P.R. and Tam, L., 2015. The relationship between human capital, value creation and employee reward.Journal of Intellectual Capital,16(2), pp.390-418. McDermott, A.M., Conway, E., Rousseau, D.M. and Flood, P.C., 2013. Promoting effective psychological contracts through leadership: The missing link between HR strategy and performance.Human Resource Management,52(2), pp.289-310. Njanja, W.L., Maina, R.N., Kibet, L.K. and Njagi, K., 2013. Effect of Reward on Employee Performance: A Case of Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd., Nakuru, Kenya.International Journal of Business and Management,8(21), p.41. Nyberg, A.J., Pieper, J.R. and Trevor, C.O., 2013. Pay-for-performances effect on future employee performance integrating psychological and economic principles toward a contingency perspective.Journal of Management, p.0149206313515520. zutku, H., 2012. The influence of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on employee results: An empirical analysis in Turkish Manufacturing Industry.Business and Economics Research Journal,3(3), p.29. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., Robinson, J., O'Leary, P. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Sikora, D.M. and Ferris, G.R., 2014. Strategic human resource practice implementation: The critical role of line management.Human Resource Management Review,24(3), pp.271-281. Sparrow, P.R., 2013. 11 International reward management.Reward management: a critical text, p.233. Watson, T., 2013.Management, organisation and employment strategy: New directions in theory and practice. Routledge. Webb Day, J., L. Holladay, C., K. Johnson, S. and G. Barron, L., 2014. Organizational rewards: considering employee need in allocation.Personnel Review,43(1), pp.74-95.

Olevel History Essay Example

Olevel History Essay Pakistan Studies June 2009 PAKISTAN STUDIES Paper 2059/01 History and Culture of Pakistan General Comments The entry was comparable to June 2008, as was the standard of work. Almost every candidate answered three questions with few rubric errors. Time appeared to have been well used; few were unable to complete their final answer. Examiners were again pleased that many candidates produced some very good responses that were relevant and focused, attempting to address the questions as set with an appropriate length of answer. The depth of knowledge of such answers was very good. However, explanations continue to let candidates down especially where they are knowledgeable about topics. This can be best exemplified with Question 4(c) where the overwhelming number of answers was narrative in format. The other aspect which raises concern are the number of candidates who produced descriptive or generalised answers which contained much unnecessary or irrelevant detail that did not answer the question. Nevertheless, there were also a pleasing number of candidates who attempted to produce a judgement at the end of their part (c) answers. This has not been so evident in previous years. This was an excellent and refreshing approach to such questions, and one that Centres should encourage strongly. Comments on Individual Questions The most popular questions answered this year appeared to be 1, 2 and 3. Question 1 This was a very popular question that saw some very high scoring marks. Part (a) was quite well answered, with most gaining 3 or 4 marks. Part (b) caused few problems as most candidates were able to explain why the East India Company got involved in the sub-continent. As a result many candidates scored a Level 3 mark, often reaching the maximum allowable. We will write a custom essay sample on Olevel History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Olevel History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Olevel History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In (c), the question focused on the ways in which Urdu and regional languages have been successfully promoted since 1947. The crucial point of the question was the way in which they were promoted rather than a description of each – most candidates were knowledgeable about all of these languages but fewer could successfully explain how they were promoted. However, having said that, most were able to address the question scoring well into Level 3 or 4 if they dealt with both regional languages and Urdu. For others, however, a narrative approach confined their answer to, at best, a Level 2 mark. Question 2 This was also a popular question, which caused candidates few problems. Most candidates scored 2 or 3 marks in (a). In (b), the question focused on the reasons why the British were successful in increasing its control of some parts of the sub-continent. For those candidates who had been well prepared for the examination this caused few problems for them and many answers from these candidates were accurate and relevant scoring a good mark within Level 3. Part (c) was generally very well answered by most who were knowledgeable about Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Candidates were required to explain his contributions to the cause of the Muslims which included the development of a western education system. Again the crucial part of the question hinged on explaining his contributions rather than describing his career. A mere description of this could result in only a Level 2 mark. However, most were able to explain his contributions and a Level 4 mark was achieved where candidates were able to explain his contributions through education and other aspects of his work, such as religion and politics. Question 3 Again this was a popular question. Part (a) usually attracted 2 or 3 marks. In (b), the question required candidates to explain why the Muslim League was established in 1906. Again this was a well known topic 1  © UCLES 2009 2059 Pakistan Studies June 2009 and few candidates had many problems scoring a Level 3 mark. However for some lengthy answers that went back to the foundation of the Congress party were unnecessary and little or no credit for such detail was forthcoming in most cases. Part (c) was a well known topic. Many candidates who were well prepared found little difficulty in explaining the reasons why Bengal was partitioned in 1905 and then reunited in 1911. For those candidates who explained each part, a Level 4 mark was available. However, many were unable to consider both sides well and, as a result, were only able to score 9 or 10 marks. Question 4 This was not as popular a question, with few scoring highly especially in part (c). Candidates were only able to score on average 2 marks in the main on the (a) short answer questions. In (b), candidates had to explain why the Khilafat Movement failed. Generally, these responses were well explained and often with greater confidence than the question that often appears as part (c) one. As such most candidates were able to access a mark in Level 3. However, it is important recognise that the question requires an explanation of why, for example, the Chaura Chari incident caused its failure rather than a description of these events. In their responses to (c) on the achievements of Jinnah from 1929 to 1947, many candidates found great difficulty in scoring high marks since they were unable to deal with the requirements of the question set. The result was that there were many descriptive answers about his career rather than a consideration of his achievements. As a result, most candidates were only able to score a mark within Level 2 at best. Question 5 This was also a less popular choice of question for candidates and one that produced varying degrees of success. In (a), most scored only 2 marks. In (b), many candidates scored well on the reasons why the Cripps Mission was unsuccessful. However many candidates often wasted much time by describing the background and events leading up to the event rather than getting to the point of the question. In (c), there were some good answers to the question asking the reasons for the creation of Bangladesh. However in doing this, candidates had to be mindful that they had to deal with economic factors as well as others in order to access Level 4 and also to explain why these factors resulted in the creation of Bangladesh rather than merely describe them. Few were able to do this part well and many answers tended to be awarded Level 2 for a straightforward narrative of the reasons. THE FUTURE †¦ 1. Teachers are reminded that the present syllabus will be examined for the last time in November 2009. 2. The revised syllabus, specimen papers and mark schemes were published at the start of 2008. The first examinations using the revised syllabus will be June 2010. 3. Syllabus content: the end date has been extended from 1988 to 1999. Elsewhere, minor alterations have been made to make the syllabus clearer and keep it manageable. The Content and Notes have been merged so that teachers now have a single guide to what must be taught. Each topic has ‘Focus Points’ around which teaching and learning should concentrate. 4. Assessment: every part (a) will now be a single question set on a short piece of stimulus prose requiring a short paragraph-length answer. Teachers have been encouraged to use historical evidence in their teaching for some time and students need to be familiar with it within the learning process. NB Source evaluation is not required. 5. Teachers will have the opportunity to consider these changes with a senior examiner at the training meetings in October 2009. 6. All teachers are encouraged to join the syllabus’ eDiscussion Forum. This will enable syllabus teachers to talk to each other, asking questions, seeking advice, sharing ideas and materials (upload and download). You will also be able to set up alerts that will inform you automatically when something new is posted. We are most grateful to teachers for the help that they gave CIE during the extensive consultation process. 2  © UCLES 2009 2059 Pakistan Studies June 2009 PAKISTAN STUDIES Paper 2059/02 Environment of Pakistan General comments The standard of achievement was generally moderate to very good and there was a wide range of marks. Examiners felt that performance had generally improved a little, although some felt that some disadvantaged themselves by failing to answer the questions properly. For example, one Examiner said ‘some answers were excessively vague with imprecise language and excessive verbosity’. Another said ‘candidates need to give attention to the terms used in the question (see syllabus) in order to write more focused answers. ’ Some poorer candidates wrote at length without answering the question. It is vital that candidates read the whole of each question properly before they start their answer to each part. Questions are written in a way to guide the candidate through so it is better to answer the parts in the correct order. In addition, much time is wasted on details that cannot gain marks. There were several occasions where candidates did this in this paper (especially Question 1(d)(ii) and (e), 2(b) and (e) and 3(a)). Most candidates presented their work neatly in the booklets provided, their handwriting and standard of English is good, and written in well-constructed sentences. It was noted that some answers were written in very pale blue ink that did not appear clearly on the paper. Many Examiners expressed annoyance that most candidates do not write the numbers of the questions answered on the front of the booklet. This is a simple task, only three numbers are needed e. g. Questions 1, 2, 3. This helps because most Examiners mark one question at a time on all papers In the examination room, candidates should be reminded to leave space between questions for the Examiner to mark, and to list the questions answered on the front of the answer booklet. It is not necessary for the candidate to re-write the question before they answer it. Photographs should be kept by the teacher as a teaching aid for the future. Teachers must be aware that a revised syllabus for examination in 2010 should now be taught. Although much remains unchanged, teachers will need to have prepared their candidates with better skills to analyse resources such as graphs and magazine extracts, as well as maps and photographs. Candidates will need to have a clear understanding of the meaning of the term ‘development’. Questions will ask candidates to express their opinions, make evaluations and consider the sustainability of developmental issues in an environmental context. QUESTIONS Command words are written in italics. Question 1 (a) (i) Many candidates did not describe the site of the dam. They failed to recognise the deep, narrow valley where the dam was built, the beach to the top right and the scree at the base of the slopes below the dam. Some wrote about the climate of the area, or its function as a tourist attraction, this was irrelevant. In (ii), most failed to notice the beach area, which indicated a lower water level. Again candidates did not use the photographs well. Few commented on the different shapes of the structures but wrote about land use and function. Most achieved only a single mark for ‘mountainous and plain areas’. b) 3  © UCLES 2009 2059 Pakistan Studies June 2009 (c) (i)(ii) Most candidates calculated the correct figure and explained that this reduction was due to siltation caused by a variety of factors such as deforestation and soil erosion. Other explanations were the reduction of rainfall and increased evaporation due to climatic change, and the increased demands for water due to better agricultural methods, industrialisation and urbanisation. In (iii), candidates were less sure of ways of reducing further losses. Planting of trees to improve the climate was a little optimistic, but those who linked this to a reduction in soil erosion gained credit, as did those who explained that silt traps can be installed, or how dredging can remove some of the silt already there. Others explained ways of reducing wastage by the users of the water. A few candidates confused siltation with salinity. (d) Most stated that water was a free, renewable resource readily available in the northern areas, but many did not read (ii) properly. They did not explain that the supply has to travel long distances at great cost, and at the risk of transmission losses and damage to the infrastructure. Some candidates did not understand that (i) required the naming of attractions, not the settlements that have them. The attractions of mountain areas are many, including a cool climate, snow and ice, impressive scenery including rivers, waterfalls, mountain peaks and valleys, and provide the facilities for a great number of outdoor activities such as hiking and climbing. In addition there are the cultural attractions and products of traditional industries. In (ii), many answers were full of vague and repetitive references to facilities and requirements of tourism. The question required candidates to explain how development can be brought about, and those who explained that employment is generated in and out of hotels, souvenirs are purchased from local industries thus increasing local incomes, and better food is provided leading to higher standards of living. Many types of infrastructure are installed including metalled roads, electricity and gas, telecommunications and clean water, and the people can benefit from meeting cultures from more advanced areas. Good examples were the new roads to Murree and Gilgit, investment in cottage industries and lower death rates in some areas. Question 2 (a) (b) Most candidates answered this correctly. It was hoped that this would guide them into (b). Some candidates did not link their answer to Figure 2, the rainfall chart and chose to quote their learned knowledge about rice cultivation. Those who gained marks linked the processes to the rainfall in named months, quoting figures from the chart such as ‘285 mms of rain in July to keep the fields flooded and ensure maximum growth’. Many candidates appeared not to know why HYV seeds are preferred. Although many gained one mark for stating that they gave a higher output, few added that these seeds are drought and pest resistant and have stronger stems to stand up to heavy rainfall and wind. As they grow fast sometimes two crops can be grown in one year if there is sufficient water, and in some areas they are available with incentives by the government to provide more food for the growing population. Too much time was wasted writing about possible future benefits of increased mechanisation and better cultivation that may only possibly be gained if the increased cost of the HYV seed leaves enough profit for investment. e) (c) (i) (c) (ii)(iii) Most candidates correctly read the bar chart and gave the answer of 6 months. Those who simply listed the months did not answer the question as it did not ask them to be named. Many explained four methods of providing water, although some did not clearly indicate the four that they had chosen to write about. Some gave a good account, separa ting traditional and modern methods and comparing their cost and effectiveness (not strictly necessary for this question). (d) Some candidates failed to understand the different meanings of the separate parts. Part (i) required knowledge of what alluvial soil is and where it comes from, whereas part (ii) asked why it is good for plant growth. Some candidates did not state that it was a mineral soil left after flooding and this is why it is lacking in organic matter. The fact that it is a fertile soil that is well drained and yet moisture retentive was not often stated. 4  © UCLES 2009 2059 Pakistan Studies June 2009 (e) This was generally answered well, although few candidates gave enough reasons to gain six marks. Some wrote at length about rainfall patterns in the Indus Plains; others gave unnecessary importance to restrictions imposed by the Indus Treaty. A few appeared not to know where the Indus Plains were. A good answer included reference to the shortages at source due to lack of rainfall and siltation of the water supply system. Their answer might then move on to the high demands of industry, agriculture and domestic use and the problems of wastage and pollution of the supply. Question 3 (a) Most candidates correctly named the three cities for (i). For (ii), some neglected the map provided and listed instead the cities that the road passed through. A good answer referred to the compass directions north-east overall to Lahore then north-west to Peshawar as well as naming the rivers followed and crossed by the N5. In (iii), most correct answers stated that the Indus Highway travels to the west of the River Indus but the N5 flows to the east, and that the Indus Highway travels directly north to Peshawar crossing the Surghar Range whereas the N5 travels a longer route though the developed areas of Punjab and bridges all of the five rivers before reaching Peshawar. Many candidates stated incorrectly that the Indus Highway passes through Balochistan or does not enter Punjab Province. (b) Most answered (i) with unnecessary detail, and even then failed to compare the amounts carried. A short question like this simply required general statements describing the broad trends such as ‘roads carry more freight than railways’ with an extra mark for some comparative figure such as ‘twenty times more’, then ‘road increases more than railway’ with some figures to illustrate this. There was no credit for year-by-year description. In (ii), vague statements such as ‘road is quicker, safer, cheaper or more efficient’ are difficult to justify without reference to the reasons for this. Marks were awarded for reference to the lack of investment in railways compared to that in roads, and to the fact that the road network is more dense and reaches the more remote parts of the country where railways have not been built or are badly damaged. There are also the restrictions that railways do not provide door-to-door service, and that industrial units are built along new roads rather than by railway stations. c) Candidates showed a good knowledge of the environment of Balochistan and many achieved full marks for (i). However, many gave answers to (ii) that were broad generalisations about increasing the industrial, trading and social infrastructure. One Examiner commented ‘a common approach was to start off with a reference to better transport routes, and then completely loose sight of this idea with a long piece about what aspects of development might happen. ’ In general few candidates had a clear idea of what development means and they did not link aspects of development to transport routes. A good answer to (ii) would have referred to the exploitation of the rich mineral resources of the province, promotion of the fishing industry at the coast and fruits from the interior. More trade with other provinces and across the western borders and thus increasing employment opportunities and even tourism. Following this more settlements will develop and better infrastructure such as electricity, gas and clean water will be provided leading to more inward and less out migration, better education and health provision. Question 4 (a) Candidates showed an improved knowledge of the iron and steel industry but some did not have a clear idea of the inputs, for example steel is only an output, and iron ore is the input. There is also some confusion between manganese and magnesium. In fact the three most important inputs are iron ore, coke and limestone. For (ii), most stated that most mineral resources are in remote areas and are not exploited because of this and the lack of technology, coal reserves are of poor quality, and only a little iron ore is produced. The answer ‘the reserves are lacking in quantity and quality’ was a little vague. In (iii), the candidates recognised sheets of steel in Photograph D but not the rolled steel in E. Many called these barrels, rollers or tubes. 5  © UCLES 2009 2059 Pakistan Studies June 2009 (b) Most candidates correctly named two inputs but failed to answer (ii) correctly. The question asked how these inputs could improve production. A good answer referred to quality, efficiency and speed as well as the possibilities of finding new markets because of the improvement. A candidate who referred simply to more production failed to achieve credit. This is a topic on which knowledge was lacking. In (i), many confused an EPZ with a Dry Port and did not make the link between improved quality and increasing exports. In (ii), a good answer would have linked industrial estates to their advantages for production, especially the provision of infrastructure. Reliable electricity supply with back-up generators, gas, water and telecommunication facilities, as well as access to a good network of roads and possibly railways exists in a modern industrial estate. Many candidates wrote at length about attracting investors but it is not until this infrastructure is in place that the government can really attract investment. Incentives are of no use unless there is something to offer industrialists. Some good candidates referred to the NIZ and SITE which are examples of industrial estates. (c) (d) Most candidates had an extensive knowledge of the characteristics of formal employment, some referring to the cotton industry as an example. Question 5 (a) (i) Most candidates correctly added both male and female bars together to get the answer but in (ii) many attributed the shorter bars of the 0-4 age group to a higher infant mortality rate. This is not true. The most important reason is lower birth rates in the last four years. Almost all candidates knew that X was young dependents and Y the economically active group. In (iii), most achieved good marks by explaining that this group was the older dependents who made financial and demands on both the government’s and Group Y’s resources. Some went on to give the need for food, medical care and pensions thus leading to less money for development projects and high taxes for group Y. Few stated that older people provided a source of wisdom and guidance to the younger workers and the government, and childcare for working parents. (c) Many candidates showed a good knowledge of the reasons for high birth rates and means of their reduction although many answers were unstructured and made only vague reference to ‘education, awareness and family planning’ without explaining the links between them. A good answer referred to a lack of educated family planning and access to contraceptives in rural areas, strong religious beliefs and a need for child labour and support. In (ii), this good answer would explain how education and medical facilities in rural areas could increase understanding of the need to reduce birth rates and the means of contraception. Education of young women and men as well could improve their chances of employment and give a modern attitude to their life thus leading to later marriages and smaller families. It would also enable them to understand religious teaching without going to extremes. (d) (i) A few candidates did not read this question and wrote about the reasons for rural urban migration. However many gave a good answer explaining that shortages of Schools, hospitals, power supplies, water and housing would occur in urban areas. This would lead to illiteracy, bad health and disease, poor living conditions and breaking the law. Some good candidates also considered the effects in rural areas which are equally serious, for example the loss of the young male population and educated workers leading to a less productive society, and the consequence of neglect of these areas by governing authorities leading to a lack of development projects. For (ii), there are a number of reasons for migration to other countries. Opportunities are offered in Europe, the USA, Canada, the UAE and other developed countries for skilled workers, but many are tempted to travel across the world with only a dream of good work, modern living conditions and a good education for their children. The present political difficulties in Pakistan add to reasons for emigration. (b) 6  © UCLES 2009