Saturday, October 12, 2019
truth within experience Essay -- essays research papers
Truth Within Experiments      Milgram and Asch reports about obedience are different. In Milgrim’s report he was trying to say that people will do something to the extreme even if they are hurting someone or something. The experiment he decided to construct shows just that. His experiment shows that will power can go a long way. Asch’s reported experiment showed that people can be easily influenced by a group of people. And if the one person feels alone in a group situation the majority is correct. Social pressure is the factor in this case.      The basic question in Milgram’s report comes down to who are we and should we obey when it interferes with our conscience? Based on his writing about what he learned in his experiment average people learned more about themselves and how much will power they had. On the other hand, Asch hoped to learn the extent of peer pressure. Will a group of people alter the thinking of one individual? He states that the tests also illustrate a new kind of attack on the problem and some of the more subtle questions that it raises ( 307). Each psychologist designed their own unique experiment to study and research the answers to their questions.      Migram’s first experiment consists of two people in a laboratory. The learner is sent to a room and is strapped into an electric chair. He is also told he is to listen to a list of paired words to remember and if he gets them...
Friday, October 11, 2019
Evaluation of corporate performance Essay
Evaluation of corporate performance Introduction Hershey Company History            Hershey chocolate company was founded in the United States by Milton Hershey in 1909. The Hershey Company is a leading manufacturer of quality non-chocolate and chocolate and other chocolate-related grocery products in North America. The company has in excess of 80 brands around the globe and its annual revenues are about $ 7.1 billion. Some of the famous brands of Hershey Company include Jolly Rancher, Reese’s, Hershey’s, Ice Breakers and Hershey’s kisses (Bozich, 2009).            Hershey Company has been focusing on improving its presence in main international markets as well as making sure that they have a competitive edge in North America. In addition, Hershey Company has great plans of expanding its portfolio into other brands other than confectionery, where they will find out new ways of bringing goodness to individuals everywhere. For over 120 years, the company has been committed in carrying out good business through operating sustainably, ethically and fairly thus making a positive influence on the society. In this regard they been contributing towards a better life for its consumers, communities, employees, and eventually making sure that those children who are in need have a bright future (Stansberry, 2012). Strengths and weaknesses of Hershey Strengths            Hershey Company has grown from to a $ 4 billion having various quality chocolates. The company also has a strong brand name which gives the company a strong image. The company has many strengths since they have been in business for a long period of time. The company has got a very good reputation among the shareholders since it pays the dividends always in time to all their shareholders. This has also led to many consumers being loyal to them and to have trust on the company. The company is popular due to their strong customer relations. Another strength of Hershey is that their pricing reasonable thus making them to be affordable to everyone. The Hershey Company enables their customers to make lifestyle choices which are balanced at work, school and also in the community. The company has more than fifty brands in their portfolio and has acquired very many corporations in America (â€Å"The Hershey Company,†2012).            Hershey has a huge share of the market in North America and the sales keeps increasing almost each year. Hershey brands are produced for the health conscious customers to make sure that Hershey chocolates are healthier alternatives. Hershey Company assures their consumers with health issues for instance diabetics that the chocolates they sell to them are safe and healthier alternatives. The key strategy has been reinventing the image of the chocolates from being the way they are deemed as a source of excessive calories and sugar thus making individuals to be obese and/or diabetic, to a more appealing image where the chocolates are regarded to be a significant aid for protecting the customers from the heart disease and also enhancing the metabolism rate through using the flavonoids in their products (Kash, 2012). Weaknesses            Hershey company has however some weaknesses where they are supposed to improve in some areas so as to be more effective and profitable. The company is supposed to try gaining more experience in international market. Also around the world, the company has got very few multinational distributors. The company also has focused their business operations more in United States, where they make more money in United States more than countries around the globe. The company has high borrowing level in order to finance their business operations (Bozich, 2009). Financial analysis of Hershey Company            Hershey earns very high returns on the invested capital than most businesses because of its leading brands and huge market share. Dividing the after-tax operating profit of the company by its average invested capital reveals that Hershey earns a return on invested capital in excess of 15 percent on the average. This shows that for every dollar that the company invests in maintaining or expanding its business, Hershey earns in excess of $ 0.15 in the after-tax profits every year. Therefore, Hershey earns approximately 15 percent of the after-tax return on their stock portfolio every year thus making it a very profitable business (Freedland, 2010).            In addition, the company compounds the effect through lowering its share count continually. Although since the financial crisis Hershey Company has been unable to repurchase a huge number of the shares, the continuing trend reveals that the company is committed towards reducing its share account over time. The Hershey’s combination of shareholder-friendly management and high returns on the invested capital has enriched the shareholders of Hershey Company over the last 20 years (Bozich, 2009).            Hershey Company has a leading and growing share of the United States chocolate market; its brand’s portfolio is more popular among the Americans compared to other brands of the other companies. This enables the company to charge prices which are higher than those of its competitors, thus enabling it to earn very high returns on the invested capital. Hershey will continue earning super profits as long as the Americans focus more regarding the brand which they are buying compared to the price of sugar-and-cocoa combination (Bozich, 2009).            In 2010, the net revenues of the company were 5.67 billion dollar with a net income of 510 million dollars. There was an increase of about 7% from 2009. Financial analysis shows that Hershey has been doing well financially. Hershey Company has for many years remained stable and profitable. The revenues of the Hershey company have been increasing every year. Despite the high revenues the company was highly affected by recession in 2007; however the company was able to recover the recession at a pace which is fairly quick. The net income of the Hershey company in 2007 decreased from 559 million dollars to 214 million dollars (Freedland, 2010). The net income of the company since 2007 has risen and in 2010 was listed at 510 million dollars. The revenues of the Hershey Company from 2006 were as follows: 2006: $4.94 billion2007: $4.95 billion2008: $5.13 billion2009: $5.30 billion2010: $5.70 billion            The EPS and profit margin of Hershey Company from 2006 goes along in the same trend. Hershey’s profit margin went to 4.3% in 2007 from 11.3% in 2006. The profit margin has been increasing steadily and recently was backed up to 8.9 percent. Similarly, the earnings per share of Hershey in 2007 went to $0.93 from $2.34 in 2006. After a constant increase, recently the earnings per share was listed at $ 2.21. The sales of Hershey Company rose by 2.4 percent year- over – year in first quarter of 2014 (â€Å"The Hershey Company,†2012).            Shares in Hershey Company have increased by over 25 percent in past one year, and now they are trading at 100.38 dollars. Earnings per share for the recent financial year were $ 3.61and in the current financial year Hershey expects the earnings per share (EPS) to be in a range of between $ 4.02 and $ 4.11. This means Hershey Company is currently trading at 27.8 times compared to the earnings of last year and between 24.4 times and 25.0 times anticipated earnings for 2014. However, even if the EPS for 2014 is expected to be $ 4.11, the anticipated EPS growth for 2014 is 13.85 percent. This growth rate in EPS is a bit lower compared to the recent years. The EPS growth from 2008 to 2013 were as follows; 46.24% in 2008, 39.71 in 2009, 16.32 in 2010, 23.98 in 2011, 5.84 in 2012 and 24.48% in 2013 (Bozich, 2009). Despite a growth rate which is lower than usual, Hershey Company is trading a price to earnings ratio which is higher than usual. Shar eholders who invested in the company paid 23.5 times on average of the EPS of the previous year between 2008 and 2013. This level is a bit lower compared to the 27.8 times of the last year’s earnings that Hershey Company is valued at currently. Hershey is currently valued 3.1 times of the last year’s revenues. The financial analysts anticipate that the revenues of the company will be 7.63 billion dollars in the current financial year thus giving Hershey Company a ratio of price to sales of 2.9.This is relatively high ratio compared to that of the last six years (Stansberry, 2012). The Hershey Company pays $ 0.485 as the quarterly dividend. The increase experienced in the price per share made the dividend yield to go down to 1.92 percent. Nevertheless, Hershey’s dividend has been increasing at an increased rate in the recent the recent years. Due to the anticipated growth of EPS of 13.85 percent, the dividend is expected to rise to 0.55 dollars per quarter. This would lead to an increase the dividend yield to about 2.19 percent while the payout ratio will be between a range of between 50% and 55% (â€Å"The Hershey Company,†2012). Hershey Company has a balance sheet which is excellent with quick ratio of 1.30 and current ratio of 1.77. In addition, Hershey Company has 1.12 billion dollars or 5 dollars per share in regards to cash and cash equivalents. Hershey Company is a great company ideal for investment for those investors who focuses on long-term income growth. Although, the company has high growth in the recent years, at the current valuations the Hershey’s stock seems to be overvalued (â€Å"Why Hershey Is Overvalued,†2012).            ROE (Return on equity) assesses the rate of return realized on the money invested by the shareholders and retained earnings of a given company emanating from the previous profitable years. This shows the ability of the company in generating profits from the equity of the shareholders (â€Å"Financial management,†2011).ROE (DuPont formula) = (Net profit / Revenue) X (Revenue / Total assets) X (Total assets / Equity) = Net profit margin X Asset Turnover X Financial leverage X Net Income = $497.170731707million Net profit margin= (Net Income / Revenue) = (497.170731707 / 4666.22320769) = 10.65 %Asset turn over = (Revenue / Total Assets) = (4666.22320769 / 3881.64976454) = 1.2021Financial leverage = (Total assets / Equity) = (3881.64976454 / 1152.32256262) = 3.3685The Hershey Company’s annualized ROE for the quarter ended in Jun. 2014: =10.65 X 1.2021 X 3.3685 ROE (Dupoint system) = 43.15 %            ROE (Return on equity) shows how efficiently a company is using investment funds in generation of earnings growth. ROEs that are between 15 percent and 20 percent are deemed desirable.Economic Value Added measures the financial performance of the company on basis of the residual wealth. EVA is calculated through deducting the cost of the capital from the company’s operating profit (â€Å"Financial management,†2011).            Economic Value Added = Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) – (Capital x Cost of Capital).            Hershey Company focuses on continuous improvement and thus the Company has adopted Economic Value Added concepts in order to help in measuring their performance. The Economic Value Added (EVA) of Hershey Company for a period of 5 years between 1997 and 2002 was 0.87. In 1997, the employees of Hershey realized that these processes and concepts were being adopted so as to get the required information which is needed in utilizing EVA. In 1988, EVA was being implemented fully, and it was part of hershey’s compensation program for the management, as well as free cash flow and earning per share measurements. Hershey also started recognizing the significant contribution by all the employees of Hershey towards the company’s market growth. Hershey’s Board of directors made an approval which oversees their employees increasing their stake in Hershey Company or providing those employees with a chance of becoming owners of the com pany for the first time. The opportunity was a great incentive to the employees in achieving goals of the company and in maintaining and enhancing the leadership position, increasing the company’s profitability and adding value in everything that the company does (Freedland, 2010).            Hershey’s stock during the past quarter has outperformed the market benchmark thus increasing the investors’ interest in the company. The Hershey company has been using a dividend payout ratio of 63%.The company pays 3 percent solid dividend they have been able to increase the dividend regularly over the past 5 years. Recently, the earnings are reasonably strong, and Hershey has a solid balance sheet and growing free cash flow. Hershey Company has an excellent combination of manageable financial leverage and free cash flow generation which is strong. The cash flow margin in coming years is expected to be 11.6% on average. The return on invested capital of Hershey is expected to expand from 37.9 percent to 41.7% in the next two years (Freedland, 2010).            Although, Hershey stock seems to be overvalued it is still worth buying which I can recommend to the investors. This is because the Hershey company is incredibly capital efficient. Also, the dividend payout ratio has been increasing every year since 1974. The company in actual fact pays out an extremely huge amount out of the profits produced by the company. For instance, in 2008, Hershey realized profits of about 500 million dollars from its operations but it spent approximately 300 million dollars on share buybacks and dividends (Stansberry, 2012). Hershey has the ability of returning so much capital to the shareholders since it necessitates little capital to grow. The company’s cash profits have increased nearly to 1 billion dollars while the company’s growth is approximately 200%. The company has got a very brand name among the investors since it pays the dividends always in time to all their shareholders. Due to all thes e outstanding factors, I would recommend the purchase of Hershey stock as a good investment decision since it is a no-risk investment. References Bozich, S. L. (2009). Hershey. New York, NY: Channel Lake. Financial management (3rd ed.). (2011). London: BPP Learning Media. Freedland, R. (n.d.). Is Hershey a Sweet Investment?. – The Hershey Company (NYSE:HSY). Retrieved April 1, 2010, from http://seekingalpha.com/article/196560-is-hershey-a-sweet-investment Kash, R. (n.d.). The Hershey Company: Aligning inside to win on the outside – Ivey Business Journal. Ivey Business Journal. Retrieved April 5, 2012, from http://iveybusinessjournal.com/topics/strategy/the-hershey-company-aligning-inside-to-win-on-the-outside-2#.VC0wNVcpfIU Stansberry, P (n.d.). One of the Greatest Investments of My Career. Why Hershey (HSY) is a Great No-Risk Opportunity. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.dailywealth.com/1990/hershey-great-no-risk-opportunity Why Hershey Is Overvalued. (n.d.). – The Hershey Company (NYSE:HSY). Retrieved July 24, 2012, from http://seekingalpha.com/article/741961-why-hershey-is-overvalued Source document
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Death and Life †Tuesdays with Morrie Essay
Nagel wrote: â€Å"everybody dies, but not everybody agrees about what death is.†In this chapter, Death, Nagel explains some of the beliefs people have about death. One of his points was survival after death. Nagel said that if dualism is true we can understand how life after death might be possible. Each person would consist of a soul and a body, and the soul would have to be able to leave the body and function on its own. If dualism is not true, then life after death could not exist because mental processes go in the brain which depend on the rest of the body. Nagel believes that life after death might be tangible if dualism is true. Nagel asserts that death, the most terrifying of things, is nothing to us. Since as long as we exist, death is not with us; but when death comes, then we do not exist. It does not then concern either the living or the dead. He explained that death can be considered a negative evil because when a person dies, their lives end. This means that there is nothing left; no love, work, food, clothing, cars or anything else. When Nagel says death has no value, positive or negative, he means to the person who has died. One’s death can clearly have value to others, negative to one’s family and friends, positive to one’s enemies or those who profit from it. Nagel also explained that anything that is bad for someone-must be bad for that person at a particular time. There is no time at which death is bad for the one who dies. Death is not bad for someone before he dies; it is not bad for her once he dies, because from that point on she no longer exists. Nagel makes a good point when he said: â€Å"the fact that all good things in life come to an end is reason for regret.†Some people want more to enjoy in their lives. Others are terrified of death, so they live in fear, not living life to the fullest. He said that it is scary to think that when a person dies, the world with go on without them and they will become nothing. PART 2 I watched the film Tuesdays with Morrie that is pertinent to Chapter 9, Death, in Nagel’s book. The movie could also relate to Chapter 10, The Meaning of Life. I read the book Tuesdays with Morrie long ago and I also recently watched the movie. Mitch Albom is the author of the book and one of the main characters in the movie. Mitch is a newspaper columnist who is dedicated to his work and himself. Mitch spent almost all of his time working which caused him to realize what was really important in his life. Since Mitch spent so much time working, his relationship with his girlfriend Janine suffered. Mitch came across his favorite college professor, Morrie, when he was watching a TV interview. Morrie was dying from Lou Gehrig disease. When Mitch seen this, he begins to feel guilty because he promised to keep in touch with Morrie after graduation, but never did. Now that Mitch knows that Morrie is sick and does not have that much time left, Mitch wants to see his beloved professor. Mitch went out to Massachusetts to visit Morrie which led to the two meeting regularly, every Tuesday. For being sick, Morrie was extremely optimistic. Morrie wanted to spend the last months of his life teaching the world about life through TV interviews. Mitch and Morrie talk about life, everything in it and death. Mitch and Morrie talk about Mitch’s brother, Peter, who has cancer. Peter does not want anyones help or sympathy because of his sickness. Mitch tries to call Peter and he does not want to talk to Mitch. Morrie tells Mitch that soon the two brothers will be able to talk about it. Mitch learns how to better himself through his Tuesdays with Morrie. Mitch learns that there is more to life then just work, how to relate with Janine and how to deal with grief and fear. Each Tuesday we notice Morrie’s health declining. At their last meeting, Morrie was bed ridden. As Mitch and Morrie hugged each other the last time, Morrie notices that Mitch is crying. After Morrie dies, Mitch tries having a conversation with Morrie, as he had wanted. Mitch feels a certain naturalness and comfort to this conversation and realizes that it happens to be Tuesday. After Morrie’s death, Mitch and his brother Peter begin to talk again. Morrie talks to Mitch about learning to accept death. One of the phrases that really stood out to me that Morrie said was â€Å"once you learn how to die, you learn how to live.†Morrie feels that people refuse to believe, or think, that they will die, which leads to not living life to the fullest extent. Most people put death in the back of their minds, thinking it will never happen to them. Like Morrie says we live life sleepwalking, never fully awake or aware which is how most people live their lives, like Mitch did. Morrie also talks about regrets; as people age and become closer to death, they start to regret more things. Like Nagel, Morrie knows that once we fully accept that we will someday die, we learn to live our lives the way we wish without any regrets. Morrie came to terms with the fact that he knew he was going to die, and he wanted to make the best of his life. Mitch seen that Morrie was very sick and began to regret that he broke his promise to stay in contact with Morrie. Although Mitch did feel guilty, he probably would not have even remembered his professor if he did not see the interview since Mitch was so caught up in himself and his work. If the circumstances were different, and Morrie was not dying, would Mitch still have went and seen Morrie or did Mitch feel rushed because Morrie’s time was running out? Mitch met with Morrie and seen the positive way that Morrie was living his last few months, even though Morrie knew he was dying. Mitch realizes that through Morrie’s death he has learned how to fully live his life. PART 3 I do believe that the information in Nagel’s book is much deeper then popular culture point of view. We all know that death is inevitable, and everyone has different opinions about it. Nagel states how a person handles death depends on their personal and/or religious beliefs. The grieving process is different for everyone; some may face the death with no problems and others sometimes never get over it. Nagel explained that people are often afraid of their own death. I thought that Nagel actually made me think about what death really is and means. Sometimes death can be hard to deal with but once we accept it, we can start living our lives the way we wish. For example, when a person with a terminal illness has a specific amount of time before their life will end, those people have the benefit of ‘making things right.’ This person can forgive those who have hurt them, say things that need to be said, spend time with loved ones or do things that they have always wanted to do, if possible. On the other hand, a person who dies suddenly does not have the opportunity to possibly right their wrongs. The person with a terminal illness has been given an advantage over the person who has a sudden death. In popular culture people view death as a grim, sad thing. Whenever we see death in the news, media or experience it ourselves, it is often considered to be tragic or a great loss. In popular culture, death is the one thing that everyone has in common. We always see celebrities in the news or media that have died. It seems as if the death of these noticed people are always big, like Whitney Houston or Michael Jackson. The death of my grandmother or grandfather would not make the news, though each death is truly a sad thing. Just as Nagel said, when someone dies the world does not stop, it keeps going. We still must learn how to cope and manage our sadness. Yes, death can be seen as a sad thing when you loose a loved one because you wish you could have more time with them. Maybe death is a sad thing because the deceased had suffered. Death can also be seen as a relief to the family of the person who had suffered, so they are no longer suffering. As Morrie and Nagel said, once a person accepts death is when we begin to live our lives the way we want to.
Racism in the Tuskegee Experiment Essay
The Tuskegee experiment, begun in 1932 by the United States Public Health Service in Macon County, Alabama, used 400 black men who suffered from advanced stages of syphilis. This study was not a means of finding a cure; the patients offered no preventative measures to prolong or better life. Although the history and nature of syphilis was well understood, certain scientists believed that more research could certainly be done. In terms of whom to study, the doctors developing the format discovered a â€Å"ready-made situation†(Jones 94). Macon County Alabama was impoverished, like much of the country in 1932. The selection process began during the depression, a time of separation and intolerance. In the rural South, where we find Tuskegee, the men chosen were not seen, at the time, as equal in any sense of the word. Jones refers to prominent doctors of the region who, in the late 1800s, scientifically defined diseases that were peculiar to the race. One such disease, Cachexia Africana, caused the subject to eat dirt. The public did not question such obviously ridiculous claims at the time. In fact, the public heralded these doctors and requested a manual for treating blacks in order to save slave-owners and the like money in paying for doctors (17). Given the distaste for the ethnicity of the subjects, could their ethnicity have been a factor in the selection process? At the time, the medical profession had already made some false assumptions about the African American race in general. Jones reiterated the white-held theory that black men had larger penises and little constraints when it came to sexual intercourse (23). It was also believed that they were harder to treat for syphilis because African Americans were stupid. In examining this mindset, it becomes clear why the government erringly felt it should go to the poorer black communities in rural Alabama conduct a syphilis study. Believed to be an immoral sex-centered culture placed at the level of animals, the government would put them in league with mice and rats. As disgusting as the premise is, the doctors needed lab animals and set out to find them. If this were true – how could the government get away with it? Blatant disregard for humanity and life could not go unnoticed. However, the geographical area in question had just been the last state of the union to discontinue chain gang use in its penitentiaries in 1928. The South had not yet begun to consider African-Americans as people – not in the slightest meaning of the word. Jones reiterates the sentiment of the doctors at the time and place with, â€Å"short of a ‘quick-fix’ by science requiring no behavior changes by blacks, there was no hope for the race†(26). The Health service claimed they informed the subjects of their disease, although an internship at the time the experiments began, Dr. J.W. Williams, stated the men received no such information. He also claims the internships registered the data collected without understanding the nature of the experiment either (Jones 5). The term ‘racist’ as defined in the Random House Webster’s College Dictionary reads, †a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one’s own race is superior†(1072). Given this definition, it is clear that the Tuskegee experiments were racist. To withhold the nature of the experiments from the subjects, the name of the disease, the treatment of its symptoms and to feel no remorse in inflicting this sort of medical indictment on fellow human beings is not just racist, but also immoral and unjust. Jones points out the Health Services did investigate the treatment of these patients in an Ad Hoc committee. The resulting medical treatments for the wives and children of the male subjects was offered with no cash restitution allowed (214). In the end, the government did agree to $10 million dollars in payments to the â€Å"living syphiltics†, the next of kin for those already dead, â€Å"living controls†and the next of kin for the dead controls. If you had been living with the disease and never treated, you would get a grand total of $37, 500; a paltry amount for the pain and suffering from neglect and racist bigotry (217). Works Cited Jones, James H. Bad Blood: The scandalous story of the Tuskegee experiment – when government doctors played God and science went mad. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1981. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Random House, 1997.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Critical Thinking Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Critical Thinking Questions - Essay Example Training for a profession subtly and overtly reinforces attitudes like trusting or not trusting. Lawyers, accountants or law-enforcement personnel are trained to detect/punish the law-breaker. So they tend to look only at the transgressions of law that people indulge in, and mistrust them for these. The social worker is trained to help and rehabilitate. Rehabilitation is done by building emotional bridges with a person, and this can be achieved only on the basis of trust. Therefore, social workers tend to trust more than those in the law-enforcing professions. People adhering to a certain value system tend to choose professions that mirror that value system. So you have a ‘policeman mentality’ person become a cop, whose mental attitudes are also reinforced by training as a cop. There are, of course, exceptions, as always, to this ‘rule’. It is possible to be both politically astute and trusting. To be a trusting boss one needs to be open, but to be politically astute one need not necessarily conceal. Assuming that the purpose for being politically astute is the achievement of success, it is possible to be successful without concealing. As a boss, trust is built among one’s employees or followers if one establishes one’s credibility. If a boss shows that she does what she does, for the organization as a whole, and keeping in mind the welfare of her people, she will always have their backing, even when she is forced to make unpleasant decisions. Political astuteness leads to success as a leader, if one works for the common good and not just for self. One of the best examples of a combination of political astuteness and openness in a leader is Mahatma Gandhi. He was a very open person with high moral principles. He was politically canny tooâ€â€he used the much-touted British adherence to the principle of fairness and justice and the British
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Inception Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Inception Movie - Essay Example The intention of this study is ‘Inception’ as perhaps the most sophisticated and fascinating movie that revolves around the power of the mind and simultaneous to how it can be manipulated. A dream inside a dream and the sharing of this activity enables Dom Cobb and his team to illegally steal information related to corporate espionage through extraction. It starts off with the architect who builds the dreams and designs all of its intricacies. This process goes all too well until projections, which are the person’s subconscious in action, becomes aware that what is happening is not real. These projections turn against the dreamer. The projections are part of the dream and comprise the whole feel that actually adds to make the dream more real but they are at same time the most telling that everything is not in order and retaliates so that a search for the dreamer and the end of the dream ensues. This is why it is important to keep track of reality within a dream to avoid triggering the subconscious toward any suspicion. The main goal of extraction, or in this case inception, is to be able to create a reality that would allow Cobb to grab hold of information that the person hides intently. Specifically in inception, it is the control to let the person come to his own realization to make the idea more compelling. In the world presented in the film, technology not only enables people to explore dreams extensively, it has also instilled the value of protection from such thievery. This is where the inception of Robert Fischer with the idea to break up his father’s empire turned out to make the job terribly difficult as armies are sent instead of the normal human projections. But this is not the most threatening of all the projections. It is the recurrence of Mal that threatens their lives while inside three concurrent dreams. In order to keep off the animosity of projections, the architect plays an important role in the development and crea tion of dreams. From the start the audience already gets a strong sense that Cobb is the best at what he does but he has been broken by memories of the death of his wife and constant running away from authorities. Ariadne proved to be the most helpful in keeping away the demons that haunt Cobb and in eventually allowing him to confront them and the reality of what happened to his wife. She was the only other architect who was able to parallel him in his prime. Initially, the film had established that the architect plays an important role. When Cobb was supposed to extract information from Saito, the latter was able to tell it was a dream because of the carpet which was a lapse on the part of their previous architect. As Botz-Bornstein aptly puts it, â€Å"The architect of dreams must create a place. Space is already there in the cacophony of the subconscious†(p.122). What Ariadne provided are the details, in small or large scale, which was a way to make them partake in the d ream. More than her initial task of creating an intrinsic labyrinth so that Cobb may shed away his projections of Mal, Ariadne created sequences upon layers of dreams that made for the believability of their alternate reality. Cobb had cautioned her vehemently, â€Å"Never recreate from your memory. Always imagine new places!†(Inception). But mostly this warning was directed by Cobb for his own benefit since it is Mal’s projections that are the worst and ultimately had led them to the abyss that endangered their lives. Ariadne, except for the recurrence of Mal, was the only pivotal female figure that actually exists in real time in the film. The architect provides for development of the story and her strength
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